TNF and Insulin resistance: The PCOS group exhibited numerous cystic follicles, reduced healthy follicles, absent corpora lutea, elevated T, LH, fasting glucose, and insulin blood levels, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), along with reduced E2 and FSH.