VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: In a previous study evaluating endothelial dysfunction biomarkers (e.g., von Willebrand factor [vWF], E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1) in patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy (MT), elevated levels of these markers were correlated with the occurrence of parenchymal hematoma [46].