TNFSF11 and neoplasm: Within the TME, several pro-tumor cell types have been identified, ref. [3] including M2-type tumor-associated macrophages (M2-TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Treg cells), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs), etc. Conversely, antitumor cells within the TME include [3] T cells, DCs, NK cells, B cells, M1-TAMs, C1q+ TAMs, etc. Additionally, excessive activation of the RANK-RANKL signaling pathway promotes osteoclast activation, exacerbating bone destruction in the surrounding tissue [33].