APOE and atherosclerosis: PFOS exposure increases oxidative stress in alligator snapping turtles, which leads to endothelial dysfunction in ApoE−/− mice, promoting atherosclerosis formation [28]; it alters lung inflammation and barrier integrity in juvenile mice [29]; and it may promote the occurrence and development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by interfering with key proteins and signaling pathways, highlighting its potential health risks [30].