CD8A and neoplasm: Several miRNAs directly target immune checkpoint molecules, such as miR-138-5p, which binds the PD-L1 3′UTR to reduce PD-L1 expression and restore CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity in non-small cell lung cancer [16,17,18], and miR-34a, a tumor-suppressive miRNA that represses PD-L1, SYT1 and PDGFRA while influencing macrophage polarization through the p53–miR-34a–CSF1R axis [19,20]; therapeutic delivery of miR-34a using antibody–oligonucleotide conjugates effectively lowers PD-L1, enhances macrophage phagocytosis and increases CD8+ T-cell infiltration with minimal systemic toxicity [21,22].