Certain miRNAs directly influence checkpoint molecules like PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4; for instance, miR-200 downregulates PD-L1 and predicts ICI response in non-small-cell lung cancer, while oncogenic miRNAs such as miR-21 promote PD-L1 increase and inhibit PTEN, aiding immune evasion [6,7]. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.