Relevant studies were identified through searches in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov using combinations of terms such as ‘AML’, ‘acute myeloid leukemia’, ‘CAR T’, ‘CAR NK’, ‘cell therapy’, ‘CLL1’, ‘CD123’, ‘dual CAR’, ‘affinity tuning’, ‘adapter CAR’, ‘allogeneic CAR’, ‘γδ T’, ‘NKT’, ‘safety switch’, and related keywords. The gene discussed is CLEC12A; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.