CSF2 and Hypertension: However, our recent study showed a decrease in GM-CSF expression in the placenta in PE [13], which is consistent with the data of Tian et al., where it was shown that a decrease in PD-L1 in trophoblasts is associated with the suppression of GM-CSF through the activation of the JAK2/STAT5 pathway; an increase in PD-L1 in a PE-like model in rats partially alleviated hypertension and proteinuria [14].