DCN and ovarian cancer: The TME (tumour microenvironment) shows evidence of restored ECM structural controls through decorin upregulation which CAPE triggers because it blocks TGF-β activation of fibroblasts and decreases collagen accumulation and matrix stiffness [82].The desmoplastic stroma and elevated ECM stiffness in ovarian cancer create conditions that enable immune evasion and reduce drug delivery effectiveness which results in worse patient outcomes.