Despite these advances, significant challenges remain in standardizing clinical applications such as liquid biopsy for early detection and tumor microenvironment assessment for diagnostic staging, validating biomarkers like CLIC4, GAS2L1, Cytokeratins, Vimentin and N-cadherin in circulating tumor cells, and comprehensively integrating multi-omics data. The gene discussed is CDH2; the disease is neoplasm.