CD274 and Sepsis: A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of checkpoint inhibitor therapy in preclinical sepsis models, as well as newer work in experimental bacterial infection, similarly indicates that although PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition improves bacterial control and survival in many settings, a substantial proportion of studies report neutral effects and a minority even demonstrate worsened outcomes, highlighting the importance of pathogen type, infectious focus, underlying comorbidities, dosing and timing of intervention when interpreting these data [90,91].