In IRI-induced AKI, URM1 modifies mitochondrial oxidases (e.g., superoxide dismutase 2, SOD2) through urmylation, enhancing the stability and antioxidant activity of SOD2, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and alleviating mitochondrial oxidative stress injury [59,60,61]. The gene discussed is URM1; the disease is acute kidney injury.