TNF and periodontitis: Veloso et al. (2025) analyzed serum concentrations of IL-10, Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-4, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and Interleukin-17 (IL-17), observing elevated levels of these inflammatory mediators in subjects with Down syndrome compared to euploid controls, regardless of the severity of periodontitis [12].