LPS/TLR4 signaling triggers NF-κB and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) activation [152], further amplified by ROS generated through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase [153], thereby tightly linking endotoxemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation in ALD. Here, IRF3 is linked to serum lipopolysaccharide activity.