An important consideration is that our study population exhibited substantially higher MCP-1 levels (median 385.9 pg/mL) compared to other CKD cohorts, likely reflecting our more advanced CKD stage (median eGFR 17.9 mL/min/1.73 m2) and the progressive increase in MCP-1 with CKD severity [12, 18]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and chronic kidney disease.