MAP1LC3A and alkaline phosphatase measurement: Furthermore, in the in vitro AP model, compared with AP and AP + si-NC group, in AP + si-NCOA4 group, siRNA-mediated NCOA4 silencing (si-NCOA4) reversed lactate-enhanced upregulation of NCOA4 and LC3 II/I and downregulation of FTH1 and GPX4 (Fig. 8Q-S) while reducing mitochondrial damage, ferrous iron accumulation, and ROS production (Fig. 8T-X).