However, in cancer, dysregulated TNF‐α signaling contributes to tumor promotion through multiple mechanisms [14, 16, 17, 18]: (1) activation of NF‐κB (nuclear factor kappa‐B) pathway, leading to enhanced cell survival and proliferation [19, 20, 21, 22]; (2) induction of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) [23]; and (3) regulation of immune cell function within the TME [24, 25, 26]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and cancer.