Participants were considered to have DM if they met any one of the following criteria: (1) self-reported previous diagnosis of DM, (2) hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5%, (3) fasting plasma glucose (PG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, (4) two-hour PG during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ≥ 11.1 mmol/L, (5) random PG ≥ 11.1 mmol/L, and (6) using anti-diabetic medication or insulin. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetes mellitus.