UBB and osteoporosis: Additionally, this research also reveals the association between RPS27A and the immune microenvironment, enriching the understanding of the role of this gene in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.The UBE2E1 gene encodes a member of the ubiquitin ligase family, playing a critical role in the ubiquitination pathway by attaching ubiquitin tags to proteins, marking them for proteasomal degradation (45).