Both the Mox and Mhem phenotypes diverge from the classical M1/M2 dichotomy, thereby contributing to the complex spectrum of macrophage heterogeneity in atherosclerosis (39, 44).Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has revealed the existence of multiple functionally specialized subsets within tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), including FCN1+, SPP1+, C1Q+, and CCL18+ TAMs, among others (47). Here, SPP1 is linked to atherosclerosis.