M1 macrophages are typically induced by signals such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and they highly express reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide while secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-12 thereby contributing to pathogen clearance and anti-tumor immunity (31, 32). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is neoplasm.