For instance, prostate cancer-derived TDEVs are enriched with phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1), which promotes filopodia formation and angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by binding to γ-actin (ACTG1), thereby enhancing the invasive and metastatic capabilities of tumor cells (Luo et al., 2023). Here, PGAM1 is linked to prostate carcinoma.