CD274 and neoplasm: In the tumor microenvironment, tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) inhibit T cell activity by expressing PD-L1, thereby weakening T cell metabolic functions (Deng et al., 2021); the NETs they form can also physically hinder T cell infiltration and activate immunosuppressive signaling pathways, promoting immune evasion (Zuo et al., 2023).