VHL and renal cell carcinoma: Included in the meta-analysis were (1) studies that included adult participants (>18 years), with germline mutations in the VHL gene and a histological diagnosis of RCC measured with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as defined by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), (2) studies that included patients treated with systemic targeted therapy, and (3) studies written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals Both retrospective and non-controlled open-label trials were included.