TNFRSF12A and skin squamous cell carcinoma: Therefore, the uniqueness of this study lies in its first to integration of the multi-pathway inhibitory properties of Butein with the immune-inflammatory driving mechanism of the TWEAK-FN14 axis in cSCC, thereby filling the mechanistic gap across the “natural product-skin tumor-immune microenvironment” triad.Therefore, Butein may serve as a potential traditional Chinese medicine monomer for the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC).