In addition, further mechanistic studies are warranted to comprehensively elucidate the downstream effects of Butein on the TWEAK-FN14 pathway and its interactions with other signaling pathways involved in cSCC progression.The dose range of 10–40 mg/kg used in this study is well supported by preclinical evidence. This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF12A and skin squamous cell carcinoma.