Moreover, activation of the Wnt/β-catenin and Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells(NF-κB) signaling pathways has been observed in lactate-enriched microenvironments, linking lactylation-dependent transcriptional activation to the maintenance of stem cell phenotypes and chemoresistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (35). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.