VEGFA and neoplasm: Anti-VEGF therapy exerts its immunomodulatory effects by normalizing aberrant tumor vasculature, enhancing T-cell infiltration and activity, reducing the suppressive influence of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and modulating cytokine networks to reprogram the tumor microenvironment toward an immunostimulatory state (25, 26).