CD4 and neoplasm: B cells within TLS can present antigens, produce antibodies, and support T cell activation, while regulatory B cells (Bregs) may suppress immunity and promote tumor progression [13] There is a complex interplay between B cells, TLS and CD4+ T cells, which may differentiate into several subsets of helper T cells (Th), including Th17 cells, which directly contribute to TLS formation, while also enhancing the cytotoxic effect of CD8+ cells in the presence of ICIs [14].