PPARG and mastitis: It scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), modulates key antioxidant enzymes, and interferes with pro-inflammatory cascades such as PPAR-γ, NF-κB, and MAPK pathways Notably [26,27], FA has demonstrated the capacity to suppress apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-stimulated bovine mammary epithelial cells, underscoring its relevance to mastitis pathogenesis [28].