In addition, alcohol regulates the Nrf2-Keap1-ARE pathway in HSCs to induce autophagy-regulated oxidative stress (Xie et al., 2018) and at the same time, activates CD73 to regulate the AMPK/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway to promote autophagy and activation of HSCs (Wu et al., 2022), thereby increasing the expression levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the serum, increasing the deposition of α-SMA and type I collagen, and worsening LF. Here, ACTA1 is linked to Lassa fever.