Current evidence demonstrates that AM downregulates pivotal inflammatory mediators—including M1 macrophage-derived cytokines (IL-1β, IL-12, IL-6, MMP-12), chemokines (MCP-1), and adhesion molecules (VCAM-1)—in diabetic nephropathy (DN) models (Ge et al., 2016; Gu et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and liver dysplastic nodule.