NFKB1 and leukodystrophy: Studies indicate that HLD exerts anti-inflammatory effects by modulating key signaling pathways, including NF-κB, IL-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and the IL-23/IL-17 inflammatory axis (He et al., 2019; He et al., 2020; Cheng et al., 2022).