Future breakthroughs can rely on three aspects: precise identification of IDO1-dependent AML subpopulations (such as single-cell sequencing to analyze IDO1 + cell clusters), development of novel metabolic intervention strategies (such as regulating the availability of tryptophan through gut microbiota), and exploration of time-dependent dosing regimens (such as first targeting leukemia cells and then reversing immunosuppression). Here, IDO1 is linked to leukemia.