It emphasizes the pathological mechanisms of integrins in diseases including ARDS, pulmonary fibrosis, COPD, asthma, and lung cancer (particularly the dual role of the integrin-TGF-β axis in inflammation and fibrosis) It introduces current and emerging targeted therapeutic strategies, including αvβ6 monoclonal antibodies, small-molecule antagonists, inhaled delivery, and biomimetic delivery approaches. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.