Future directions should focus on developing multifunctional nanoplatforms integrating hypoxia relief with immune checkpoint modulators (e.g., anti-PD-L1), leveraging AI-driven design for optimized ROS production, and validating safety and efficacy in large-animal models to bridge the gap to clinical translation, positioning nano-SDT as a cornerstone for HCC immunotherapy. Here, CD274 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.