ROS serve as signalling molecules that activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase [PI3K]-AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase [AKT]) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, driving tumour progression (91, 92). This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and neoplasm.