IL-6 in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (CLE) directly activates keratinocyte apoptosis, drives acute phase response, synergizes IFN-I to amplify inflammation, and promotes B/T cell-mediated autoimmune response, forming a multidimensional pathological network, which is a common pathological feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (32, 33). Here, IL6 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.