However, bottlenecks persist: the compositional complexity of herbal formulas complicates quality control and obscures active constituents; research remains confined to murine models with critical gaps in human pharmacokinetics and dose-response relationships, hindering clinical translation; the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment may be limits vaccine efficacy, future combinations with immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., anti-PD-1/PD-L1); and regulatory barriers in Western agencies, where “unclear composition implies uncontrollability”, demand novel evaluation paradigms. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.