Our findings are also in line with larger studies, such as Abu-Maziad et al., which examined numerous immune-related SNPs and found no consistent association with neonatal sepsis risk.17 Moreover, a meta-analysis of over 6,500 patients similarly found no significant link between TLR4 gene polymorphisms and sepsis susceptibility.18 Consistent with prior reports, urinary tract infections were the most common IBI in our study.2,19 The reduced incidence of other IBIs such as bacteremia and meningitis may reflect the impact of pneumococcal and Hib vaccination programs. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and urinary tract infection.