Specifically, neutrophils release ROS and MMP-9 to disrupt the tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) and induce DNA damage (Huang et al., 2024; Gibellini et al., 2023); macrophages produce NO via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) to directly kill tumor cells (Szabo, 2016). Here, MMP9 is linked to neoplasm.