CD274 and neoplasm: In practical clinical or research settings, the following two experimental approaches may be referenced: (1) Oral or topical administration of probiotics (e.g., Bifidobacterium longum or Akkermansia muciniphila); (2) Concurrent or sequential administration of radiotherapy (SBRT or high-dose fractionation) with PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, followed by assessment of tumor volume, immune cell infiltration, and fecal SCFA levels to validate the synergistic effects of the triple combination.