Probiotics (e.g., Lactobacillus acidophilus) promote intestinal mucosal vascular repair by secreting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-like substances (ElÇİ et al., 2022), while simultaneously inhibiting abnormal tumor vascular proliferation through short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), thereby enhancing the efficacy of anti-angiogenic drugs (Gong et al., 2024). This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and neoplasm.