Another illustrative example is the team led by Tain, You-Lin; Hsu, Chien-Ning; and Hou, Chih-Yao, which has expounded on how maternal factors (e.g., sweetener intake, chronic kidney disease, high-fat diets) can program offspring hypertension through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, aberrant renin-angiotensin system activity, and gut dysbiosis (Tain et al., 2024a,b; Tain et al., 2024d; Tain and Hsu, 2025). This evidence concerns the gene REN and chronic kidney disease.