The calcium signaling pathway and ECM-receptor interaction, which are genetically associated with the progression and recurrence of atrial fibrillation [32], and the Hippo signaling pathway were up-regulated in DNMT3A KO cells (FDR p values were 0.002449, 0.004114, and 0.03080, respectively). This evidence concerns the gene DNMT3A and atrial fibrillation.