SPP1 and neoplasm: These cells co-localize in hypoxic tumor regions and are predicted to engage in direct adhesive interactions (e.g., COL1A1-ITGB1) and paracrine signaling via TGF-β, WNT5A-FZD2, and CCL3-CCR5 axes, promoting recruitment and pro-inflammatory activity of SPP1+ macrophages.