DHX37 and cryptorchidism: DHX37 encodes a DEAD-box RNA helicase; hotspot mutations within its RecA-like domains (e.g., p.R308Q, p.R674W) are strongly associated with gonadal dysgenesis, cryptorchidism, and micropenis, suggesting that ribosome biogenesis, cell-cycle control, and the NF-κB and Wnt signaling pathways may collectively mediate the impact of DHX37 on the SCs lineage (McElreavey et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2025).