Moreover, Ischemia-induced polarization of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in astrocytic endfeet impairs the clearance efficiency of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in the brain parenchyma and glymphatic function (Li X. et al., 2024); on the one hand, the accumulated Aβ can activate astrocytes by binding to the RAGE (Shen et al., 2021), and on the other hand, AQP4-related glymphatic dysfunction leads to the accumulation of inflammatory factors, which may affect astrocyte activation (Shang et al., 2019). Here, AQP4 is linked to ischemia.