We discovered that scPAS+ and scPAS- cells construct targeted regulatory networks for tumor microenvironment (TME) cells through differential ligand expression including ADM, CCL20, EFNA1, GDF15, GRN, MDK, NTS, PSAP, SHMT2, SPP1, and VEGFA, with substantial ligand expression profile divergence between cell types (Figure 3A). This evidence concerns the gene GDF15 and neoplasm.