First, a substantial body of literature has demonstrated that INHBA exerts tumor-promoting effects on multiple cancers by triggering TGF-β pathway activation.17–19 Several TGF-β receptor kinase inhibitors, such as galunisertib, have already entered clinical trials.57 However, TGF-β typically exerts tumor-suppressive activity during early oncogenesis but converts to a progression-driving cue once the lesion advances.58 This dual role makes global inhibition of TGF-β signaling potentially hazardous. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.