To determine whether H19 upregulation in HLHS hearts is a general consequence of heart failure, we assessed cardiac H19 expression in patients with heart failure due to aortic stenosis, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), and non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). This evidence concerns the gene H19 and familial dilated cardiomyopathy.