CA9 and cancer: Other tumor-specific promoters that have been harnessed to drive activity of OAds in renal and bladder cancers include the stem-cell-associated marker Oct3/4 (Lu et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2008), cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2; Ueki et al., 2025), midkine (Nagaya et al., 2012), the renal cancer-associated antigen G250 / carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX; Liu et al., 2012; Chai et al., 2020), the tumor proliferation marker Ki67 (Zhang et al., 2020) and survivin (Seo et al., 2014).