TGFB1 and renal cell carcinoma: Elevated TGF-β expression strongly predicts a worse prognosis in bladder cancer (Kianmehr et al., 2024); TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway exerts pro-oncogenic and pro-metastatic function in RCC (Dias et al., 2025), rationally, the TGF-β pathway is considered as a therapeutic target and has been harnessed in OAds for renal and bladder cancer therapy.