When we examined the direction of effects for EBV DNA positivity across autoimmune diseases, we found that RSBN1, SLAMF7, CTLA4, EOMES, CD86, TP63, TRAF3, CLEC16A, and IKZF3 showed concordant effects, with increased EBV DNA positivity associated with increased disease risk, while SP140, SH2B3, and PTPN11 exhibited discordant directions of effect with less EBV DNA expression (Fig. 2a). This evidence concerns the gene TRAF3 and autoimmune disease.