To explore the impact of dual-targeting EVs on the transcriptional programming of inflammatory T cells in IBD, we performed bulk RNA sequencing on peripheral CD4+ T cells isolated from 3 patients with IBD and treated ex vivo with PD-L1/miR-27a-3p-enriched EVs (Fig. 5a and Supplementary Table 1 for patient characteristics). Here, CD274 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.