Currently, for patients sufferingfrom type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and significant portions of patients withtype 2 diabetes (T2DM), insulin therapy via subcutaneous (s.c.)administrationthrough insulin pens or pumps remains a major pharmacological interventionfor managing diabetic conditions and maintaining glycemic control.However, s.c. injection is not only inconvenient and causes discomfortbut can also cause side effects, such as local infections. Here, INS is linked to infection.