Numerous studies have reported the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the mouse brain following infection, with notable examples of cytokines including IFNα/β, IFNγ, TNFα, GM-CSF (CSF2), LIF, and Interleukins-1; −4; −6; −12b; −17; and −23 [109,112,118,122,124–127]. Here, CSF2 is linked to infection.