TNF and Arthritis: In general, from studies using human patient data and animal models of alphaviral arthritis, acute alphaviral-induced arthritis is hallmarked by increased levels of IFNα/β, IFNγ, TNFα, IL-6, IL-1, IP-10, IL-12, IL-15 and CXCL9MCP-1 (CCL2), and MIF-I [74,83,87,89–98].